Stock Exchange [CPB]

A man belonging to the higher order of English gentry, ranking immediately below a knight or A landed proprietor, (country) 'squire'[OED]

A difficult situation [CPB]

A state of agitation, excitement, or haste; a fluster, a fuss [OED]

Government [OED]

The art of raising and guiding balloons in the air. [OED]

Aerostation. Mr. Sadler's Ascent From Merton Fields, Oxford

https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/aerostation-mr-sadlers-ascent-merton-fields-oxford

Alderman - the chief officer of a ward in the City of London. A member of the Court of Aldermen and of the City of London Corporation. [OED]

During the 18th century 'ale' came to refer to a strong beer. In the 19th century ale was sometimes distinguished by its being brewed with malt that has not been roasted or burnt, and hence being paler in colour. Any beer other than stout or porter [OED]

Aliment: That which nourishes the body of an animal or plant; nutriment; food. Also (as a count noun): a food; a nutritious or edible sub-stance; a nutrient. [OED]

Nonsense, worthless ideas [OED]

The term "all right" used to mean the train is ready to leave occurs in bar045~Brighton Railway and bar332~Railway Guard 

A feeling of illness or extreme agitation seeming to affect the whole body; the state of feeling generally ill. The OED cites 5 examples from 1792 to 1848. (including bar413) and one in 1887.

All accounts settled [OED] All parties treated fairly.

In, or with, full force; with main force, with all one's might; vehemently, violently. [OED]

Nankeens - Trousers made of nankeen; a kind of pale yellowish cloth, originally made at Nanking (China)  from a yellow variety of cotton, but subsequently manufactured from ordinary cotton which is then dyed; more fully nankeen cloth. [OED]

An association formed 1839 to agitate for the repeal of the Corn Laws

Apothecary - One who prepared and sold drugs for medicinal purposes. [OED]  The OED suggests that c1800 the word was being replaced by druggist or pharmaceutcal chemist 

Apollyon, literally "Destroyer;" one of Satan's companion archdemons [i]
"But now, in this Valley of Humiliation, poor Christian was hard put to it; for he had gone but a little way before he espied a foul fiend coming over the field to meet him: his name is Apollyon" [ii]

References:
[i] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress
[ii] John Bunyan The Pilgrims Progress (1678) Chapter 4. Project Gutenberg Website http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39452/39452-h/39452-h.htm [accessed 27Apr2020]

'treasure' as a term of endearment (Irish gaelic)
[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/asthore accessed 04May20]